Novel angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitory peptides

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides fish-derived peptides with ACE inhibitory activity, and methods of producing peptide isolates comprising the fish-derived peptides. The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements, and functional foods including the peptide isolates, and method of lowering blood pressure of a subject by administering to the subject one or more of the fish-derived peptides.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

The contents of the electronic sequence listing (406D1_SeqListing.xml;Size: 42 kilobytes; and Date of Creation: Jul. 28, 2023) is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present invention relates to a method for preparing fish-derivedpeptides with ACE inhibitory activity, which may be used as activeingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, dietary supplements, or asfood ingredients.

Description of the Related Art

Hypertension or high blood pressure is defined as a systolic bloodpressure ≥140 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg. It hasbeen considered as the most common serious chronic health and is one ofthe major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), includingstroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, andperipheral vascular disease. The global prevalence of hypertension isexpected that up to 1.58 billion adult patients will suffer fromhypertension in 2025 (WHO, 2011). Nowadays, hypertension is mainlytreated by lifestyle modification and pharmacological treatment withantihypertensive drugs (Hermansen, 2000). While there are many causes ofhypertension, it is well recognized that angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE), a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.15.1), plays importantroles in renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems for theregulation of blood pressure as well as fluid and salt balance inmammals (Vercruysse et al., 2005). It elevates blood pressure bycleaving a dipeptide His-Leu from inactive decapeptide angiotensin Iinto the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II via the renin-angiotensinsystem. Additionally, it also converts the vasodilator bradykinin intoan inactive peptide via the kallikrein-kinin systems (Wang et al.,2008). Thus, inhibition of ACE activity is a major target to reducemortality in patients with hypertension. Although the ACE inhibitorypotency of food-derived peptides are not as great as drugs commonly usedin the treatment of hypertension, they are naturally derived from foodprotein sources, and considered to be milder and safer without the sideeffects as compared with drugs. Therefore, food protein-derived ACEinhibitory peptides show great promise in the development of novelphysiologically functional food for preventing hypertension as well asfor therapeutic purposes.

Up to now, an increasing number of ACE inhibitory peptides have beendetected in protein hydrolysate prepared from animal and plant proteins(Iwaniak and Dziuba, 2009; Murray and FitzGerald, 2007). Among them, itis well established that fish muscle proteins are an excellent source ofACE inhibitory peptides (Charoenphun, Youravong, and Cheirsilp, 2013;Chen, Wang, Zhong, Wu, and Xia, 2012; Wijesekara, Qian, Ryu, Ngo, andKim, 2011). Moreover, the attempt to identify and characterize ACEinhibitory peptides derived from various protein hydrolysates to accessthe structure-activity relationship has increased. However, thestructure-activity relationship of ACE inhibitory peptides has not beenyet established due to a large variety of ACE inhibitory peptides withdifferent amino acid sequences have been identified. So far, the fishpeptides showing ACE inhibitory and antihypertensive activities havebeen obtained. Nakajima et al. (2009) evaluated ACE inhibitory activityof fish protein hydrolysates derived from fish including Atlanticsalmon, coho salmon, Alaska pollack, and southern blue whiting usingpepsin, pancreatin, and thermolysin. ACE was inhibited bythermolysin-hydrolyzed Atlantic salmon and coho salmon at IC₅₀ values of0.078 and 0.138 mg/mL, respectively. Wu et al. (2008) reported thatshark meat hydrolysate obtained with protease SM98011 digestion showedhigh ACE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ value of 0.4 mg/mL), comparing to theuntreated shark slurry (IC₅₀ value of 10.5 mg/mL). The sequences of CF,EY, and FE were confirmed to be novel ACE inhibitory peptides, with IC₅₀values of 1.96, 2.68 and 1.45 µM, respectively. All of which weredipeptides and have a hydrophobic amino acid residue, Phe or Tyr, at theC-terminal position. Balti et al. (2010) showed ACE inhibitory activityof the sequences of VYAP (SEQ ID NO: 1), VIIF (SEQ ID NO: 2) and MAW(IC₅₀ values of 6.1, 8.7 and 16.32 µM, respectively), isolated fromcuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) muscle hydrolysate.

Gastrointestinal (GI) digestion is of particular importance in thebioavailability of ACE inhibitory peptides. After oral ingestion,gastrointestinal enzymes may break up peptides, thereby increasing ordecreasing their activity. The purpose of the in vitro digestion modelis to simulate in a simplistic manner the digestion processes that takeplace in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. ACE inhibitorypeptides capable of maintaining bioactivity and stability followinggastrointestinal processing are needed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a size exclusion chromatogram of raw dark meat (RDM)hydrolysate eluted with deionized water.

FIG. 2 shows ACE inhibitory activity at the same concentration of 1 mMleucine equivalent of the separated peptide fractions.

FIG. 3 is a chromatogram of the fraction B eluted with ACN containing0.1% TFA.

FIG. 4 is a chromatogram of the fraction B6 eluted with ACN containing0.1% TFA.

FIG. 5 shows effect of in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion onα-amino group content of synthetic peptides NLLPHR (NR6, SEQ ID NO: 3),VSVVQYSR (VR8, SEQ ID NO: 4), and VIYSRINCR (VR9, SEQ ID NO: 5).

FIG. 6 shows effect of in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion on ACEinhibitory activity of synthetic peptides NLLPHR (NR6, SEQ ID NO: 3),VSVVQYSR (VR8, SEQ ID NO: 4), and VIYSRINCR (VR9, SEQ ID NO: 5).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides fish-derived peptides with ACEinhibitory activity, peptide isolates including the fish-derivedpeptides, and methods of producing the peptides isolates. Also providedherein are pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements, and functionalfoods including the fish-derived peptides, and methods of reducing bloodpressure using the fish-derived peptides.

As demonstrated in the Examples provided herein, fish-derived peptidesof the present disclosure have potent angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity. In particular, the three peptides exhibitingthe most potent ACE inhibitory potency are VIYSRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 5) withan IC₅₀ of 0.27 µg/ml (or 0.24 µM), VSVVQYSR (SEQ ID NO: 4) with an IC₅₀of 0.89 µg/ml (or 0.95 µM), and NLLPHR (SEQ ID NO: 3) with an IC₅₀ of0.93 µg/ml (or 1.24 µM). These three novel peptides have strongerpotential for ACE inhibition comparing with the reported ACE inhibitorypeptides and commercial dietary supplements for ACE inhibition.Additionally, gastrointestinal digestion of the fish-derived peptideVIYSRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 5) produces peptides including VIY, VIYSR (SEQ IDNO: 6), INCR (SEQ ID NO: 7), and SRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 8). The fish-derivedpeptides with ACE inhibitory activity (including the gastrointestinaldigestion products of these peptides) may be used as bloodpressure-lowering agent in pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements,and functional foods.

“Fish-derived peptide” refers to a peptide isolated from fish, or adigestion product (e.g., a product of gastrointestinal digestion) of apeptide isolated from fish. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebratesthat include the bony fishes and cartilaginous and jawless fishes andthat have typically an elongated shaped body terminating in a broadcaudal fin, limbs in the form of fins (if present at all), and a2-chambered heart by which blood is sent through thoracic gills to beoxygenated. In certain embodiments, the fish is a bony fish. Bony fishare of the Superclass Osteichthyes and include freshwater bony fish suchas trout, perch, walleye, pike, brim, bass, carp, and certain salmonspecies. Examples of saltwater bony fish include salmon (e.g., Atlanticsalmon, chinook, sockeye, coho, pink, and chum), tuna (e.g., skipjack,bluefin, yellowfin, and albacore), cod (e.g., Atlantic cod and Pacificcod), halibut, and mahi mahi.

In certain embodiments, the fish is tuna. Tuna refers to a saltwaterfish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae(mackerel) family. The Thunnini tribe comprise 15 species across fivegenera, which includes the following genera: Allothunnus, which areknown as slender tunas; the genus Auxis, which are also known as frigatetunas; the genus Euthynnus, which are also known as little tunas; thegenus Katsuwonus, which are also known as skipjack tunas; and the genusThunnus, which includes albacores and true tunas. The genus Thunnussubgenus Thunnus (Thunnus), which are also known as bluefin tunas, andthe subgenus Thunnus (Neothunnus), which are also known as yellowfintunas. In some embodiments, the tuna is of the genus Katsuwonus (i.e.,is a skipjack tuna).

“Fish meat” refers to muscle tissue of any species of fish. In someembodiments, the meat is raw (i.e., uncooked). In some embodiments, themeat is dark meat. Fish dark meat refers to fish meat rich in myoglobin,which may affect the texture and flavor of the fish meat when cooked.For example, tuna dark meat is thus generally considered as a low-valuetuna byproduct in tuna processing due to its undesired flavor andtexture. However, as a source for protein or peptide extraction, tunadark meat is advantageously positioned due to its abundance andlow-cost.

“ACE inhibitory activity” refers to the ability to inhibit the activityof angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). In some embodiments, thefish-derived peptides or peptide isolates described herein have an IC₅₀value of ACE inhibition of 100 µg/ml or lower. Method for measuringinhibitory activity against ACE include those described in Example 5.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of producing apeptide isolate. The methods may include mixing fish meat with water toproduce an aqueous mixture; adjusting the pH of the aqueous mixture to abasic pH (i.e., a pH of greater than 7); and hydrolyzing the fish meatby adding an alkaline protease to the aqueous mixture and incubating theaqueous mixture under conditions sufficient to produce a hydrolysate.

“Peptide isolate” refers to a peptide extract or purified peptidesderived from cells or tissue, or a peptide extract or purified peptideproduct that has undergone enzymatic hydrolysis as defined herein.

In some embodiments, the aqueous mixture comprises a ratio of meat towater of about 1:1 to about 1:5. In some embodiments the aqueous mixturecomprises a ratio of meat to water of about 1:2 to about 1:5, 1:2 toabout 1:4, or about 1:2 to about 1:3.

In some embodiments, the aqueous mixture comprises a proteinconcentration in a range of about 1% w/v to about 20% w/v (g protein/mlwater). In some embodiments, the aqueous mixture comprises a proteinconcentration in a range of about 1% w/v to about 15% w/v, about 1% w/vto about 10% w/v, about 5% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), or about 5% (w/v)to about 15% (w/v). In some embodiments, the aqueous mixture comprises aprotein concentration of about 10% w/v. Protein concentration may bemeasured by techniques known in the art, such as by measuring theabsorbance at 280 nm spectrophotometry.

As previously noted, the method may include adjusting the pH to a basicpH (i.e., a pH of greater than 7). In some embodiments, the basic pH isin the range of about 7 to about 11. In some embodiments, the basic pHis in the range of about 7 to about 9, or about 8 to about 8.5.

As previously noted, the method may include hydrolyzing the fish meat byadding an alkaline protease to the aqueous mixture and incubating theaqueous mixture under conductions sufficient to produce a hydrolysate.

“Hydrolysate” refers to a product of enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatichydrolysis is the breakdown of compounds (e.g., in a cell or tissuesample) in the presence of enzymes, in the presence of water. Ahydrolysate may refer to a product of enzymatic hydrolysis based on theaddition of exogenously provided enzymes or may refer to a product ofenzymatic hydrolysis based on enzymatic activity of endogenous enzymes.Enzymatic hydrolysis based on enzymatic activity of endogenous enzymescan be referred to as autolysis.

“Protease” is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, which is thebreakage of peptide bonds resulting in breakdown of proteins intosmaller polypeptides or single amino acids. Proteases can be classifiedinto seven groups: serine proteases, which use a serine alcohol as thereaction nucleophile; cysteine proteases, which use a cysteine thiol asthe nucleophile; threonine proteases, which use a threonine secondaryalcohol as the nucleophile; aspartic proteases, which use an aspartatecarboxylic acid; glutamic proteases, which use a glutamate carboxylicacid; metalloproteases, which use a metal, often zinc; and asparaginepeptide lyases, which use an asparagine to perform an eliminationreaction (not requiring water).

“Alkaline protease” refers to a protease having enzymatic activity at analkaline pH (i.e., a pH of greater than 7). Alkaline proteases oftenhave activity at a basic pH of up to about 11. Examples of alkalineproteases include proteinase K, subtilisin, and oryzin.

In some embodiments, the alkaline protease comprises a serine protease.“Serine protease” refers to enzymes that cleave peptide bonds inproteins, in which serine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the(enzyme’s) active site. Subtilisin is a serine protease that can beobtained from certain soil bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis andBacillus licheniformis. Alcalase is a commercially available form ofsubtilisin derived from Bacillus licheniformis.

In some embodiments, the conditions sufficient to produce a hydrolysatecomprise incubating the aqueous mixture with the alkaline protease for atime period of at least about an hour. In some embodiments, the timeperiod is in a range of about 2 hours to about 5 hours.

In some embodiments, the conditions sufficient to produce a hydrolysatecomprise incubating the aqueous mixture with the alkaline proteasecomprise incubating at a temperature in the range of about 40° C. toabout 70° C.

In some embodiments, the method further includes a step of removingcellular debris from the hydrolysate following the hydrolyzing step.

“Removing cellular debris” refers to the isolation of a soluble productsuch as a supernatant from a cellular extract. Cellular debris may beremoved, for example, by centrifugation and filtration. In someembodiments, removing cellular debris comprises centrifuging andfiltering the hydrolysate to obtain a supernatant.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing step further includes terminating ahydrolysis reaction by heating the hydrolysate to a temperature in arange of about 80° C. to about 100° C. following the incubating theaqueous mixture under conditions sufficient to produce the hydrolysate.In some embodiments, terminating the hydrolysis reaction includesincubating the hydrolysate at the temperature in the range of about 80°C. to about 100° C. for a time period in a range of about 10 minutes toabout 20 minutes. For example, the hydrolysate may be heated to about90° C. for about 15 minutes. Following termination of the hydrolysisreaction, the hydrolysate may be cooled to a temperature below 40° C.,such as to a temperature in a range of about 10° C. to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of subjectingthe hydrolysate to chromatography, and collecting one or morechromatography fractions including the peptides with ACE inhibitoryactivity.

“Chromatography” refers to the separation of a mixture by passing it insolution or suspension or as a vapor (as in gas chromatography) througha medium in which the components move at different rates. Size exclusionchromatography is, a chromatographic method in which molecules insolution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecularweight. Reversed-phase chromatography includes any chromatographicmethod that uses a hydrophobic stationary phase.

In some embodiments, the method further includes a step of enzymaticallydigesting the peptide isolate to produce one or more digestion productsof the peptides. “Enzymatically digesting” refers to the breakdown ofmacromolecules into smaller compounds based on the activity of enzymes.

In some embodiments, the enzymatically digesting comprises in silicogastrointestinal digesting. “Gastrointestinal digesting” refers toenzymatic digestion performed by enzymes naturally present in thegastrointestinal tract. Examples of enzymes naturally present in thegastrointestinal tract include pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Insilico gastrointestinal digest refers to an enzymatic digestion bygastrointestinal tract enzymes outside of the gastrointestinal tract,such as in a test tube, using enzymes that have been isolated from agastrointestinal tract.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides formulated productscomprising a peptide isolate as described herein and a furtheringredient such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, orexcipient. Such products may be administered to a subject or consumed bya subject, and include pharmaceutical products (also referred to as“pharmaceutical compositions”) and non-pharmaceutical products (alsoreferred to “non-pharmaceutical compositions,” e.g., dietary supplementsand functional foods). Proper formulation of the product is dependentupon the route of administration chosen.

The formulated products may comprise different types of carriers,excipients, or diluents depending on whether it is to be administered insolid, liquid or aerosol form. The formulations as describe herein (andany additional active agent) can be administered intravenously,intradermally, intraarterially, intraperitoneally, intralesionally,intracranially, intraarticularly, intraprostatically, intrasplenically,intrarenally, intrapleurally, intratracheally, intranasally,intravitreally, intravaginally, intrarectally, intratumorally,intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, subconjunctivally,intravesicularlly, mucosally, intrapericardially, intraumbilically,intraocularally, orally, topically, locally, by inhalation (e.g.,aerosol inhalation), injection, infusion, continuous infusion, localizedperfusion bathing target cells directly, via a catheter, via a lavage,in cremes, in lipid compositions (e.g., liposomes), or by other methodor any combination of the forgoing as would be known to one of ordinaryskill in the art (see, for example, Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, incorporated herein by reference).In particular embodiments, the product is formulated for oraladministration.

A pharmaceutical product refers to a product for use in the treatmentfor a disease, disorder or condition, or for treating one or moresymptoms of the disease, disorder or condition. A non-pharmaceuticalproduct refers to a formulation other than a pharmaceutical product,such as a dietary supplement, or functional food.

“Functional food” (also called a “nutraceutical product”) refers to afood with an added function conferred by incorporating new ingredients(e.g., one or more peptide isolates as previously described) that arenot typically or traditionally present in the food product.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of usingpeptide isolates or formulated products including the peptide isolatesas previously described.

“Mammal” includes humans and both domestic animals such as laboratoryanimals and household pets, (e.g. cats, dogs, swine, cattle, sheep,goats, horses, rabbits), and non-domestic animals such as wildlife andthe like. In certain specific embodiments, the mammal is a human. Incertain specific embodiments, the mammal is a pet, such as a dog or cat.

A “subject” according to any of the above embodiments is a mammal.Mammals include but are not limited to, domesticated animals (e.g.,cows, sheep, cats, dogs, and horses), primates (e.g., human andnon-human primates such as monkeys), rabbits, and rodents (e.g., miceand rats). Preferably the subject is a human.

“Treatment,” “treating” or “ameliorating” refers to medical managementof a condition, disease, or disorder of a subject (e.g., patient) toreduce or eliminate a symptom, reduce the duration, or delay onset orprogression of the condition, disease, or disorder.

An “effective amount” refers to an amount of a peptide isolate thatprovides a desired physiological change, such as a reduction inhypertension. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is atherapeutically effective amount. The desired physiological change maybe, for example, a decrease in symptoms of a disease, or a decrease inseverity of the symptoms of the disease, or may be a reduction in theprogression of symptoms of the disease. In certain embodiments, thedesired physiological change does not involve treatment of a disease.

In certain embodiments, the methods include reducing hypertension in asubject comprising administering to the subject a peptide isolate aspreviously described, a pharmaceutical product as previously described,or a dietary supplement or functional food as previously described.

“Hypertension” refers to high blood pressure. When the heart beats, itcreates pressure that forces blood through a network of blood vessels,which include arteries, veins and capillaries. The pressure forcingblood through these vessels is the result of two forces: systolicpressure, which occurs as blood is pumped out of the heart and into thearteries that are part of the circulatory system; and diastolicpressure, which is created as the heart rests between heart beats.Methods of treating hypertension may include reducing elevated bloodpressure or hypertension, and reducing the likelihood of developingelevated blood pressure or hypertension. In some embodiments, reducingelevated blood pressure or hypertension includes at least a 1 mmHgreduction, at least a 5 mmHg reduction, or at least a 10 mmHg reductionin the systolic reading; and/or at least a 1 mmHg reduction, at least a5 mmHg reduction, or at least a 10 mmHg reduction in the diastolicreading. Elevated blood pressure may refer to a blood pressure readingthat includes 120 mmHg or greater in the systolic reading, greater than80 mmHg in the diastolic reading, or both. Hypertension may refer to ablood pressure reading that includes 130 mmHg or greater in the systolicreading, greater than 80 mmHg in the diastolic reading, or both.

In certain embodiments, the methods include promoting healthy bloodpressure in a subject comprising administering to the subject a peptideisolate of any of claims 20 to 26, or a pharmaceutical product of claim27, or a dietary supplement or functional food of claim 28. Healthyblood pressure refers to a blood pressure reading of lower than 120 mmHgfor the systolic reading and lower than 80 mmHg for the diastolicreading.

Experimental studies in this invention are as shown below.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of Tuna Raw Dark Meat Hydrolysate WithAce Inhibitory Activity

Tuna raw dark meat (RDM) was ground by a cutting machine with a 3 mmcutting head. Ground RDM was prepared at a concentration of 10% w/v (gprotein/ml water) and adjusted to pH 8.5 using NaOH. Alcalase 2.4L wasadded to the mixture at a concentration of 4% (w/w) of proteinsubstrate. Hydrolysis was carried out at 60° C. for 4 h. The hydrolyzedmixture was heated at 95° C. for 10 min and then centrifuged at 9000 rpmfor 20 min. The supernatant was referred to as RDM hydrolysate. Theresulting RDM hydrolysate from this hydrolysis condition have totalsolid content ~ 8% and protein recovery ~ 75%. The RDM hydrolysate wasevaluated an IC₅₀ for ACE inhibitory activity and exhibited an excellentACE inhibitory potency with an IC₅₀ of 61.58 µg/ml. The RDM hydrolysatecontaining ACE inhibitory peptides was purified by using columnchromatography, namely size exclusion chromatography and reversed-phasehigh performance chromatography.

Example 2 Purification of Ace Inhibitory Peptides

The RDM hydrolysate was firstly purified connected to a fast proteinliquid chromatography. Peptides were eluted with deionized water inisocratic mode at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. The eluate was collected in0.6-ml fractions and pooled as shown in FIG. 1 . Each pooled fractionwas determined the content of α-amino groups (expressed as leucineequivalents) by TNBS method (Adler-Nissen, 1979) and was also analyzedfor ACE inhibitory activity at the same concentration of 1 mM leucineequivalent. The RDM hydrolysate was separated into 5 fractions (FractionA-E, FIG. 1 ) and fraction B exhibited the highest ACE inhibitoryactivity (p < 0.05, FIG. 2 ), followed by fraction A and E which showedcomparable ACE inhibitory activity (p > 0.05, FIG. 2 ). Thus, thefraction B was selected for further purification step, namelyreversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).Although many literatures have reported that ACE inhibitory activity wasmarkedly increased with a decrease of molecular weight of peptides (Byunand Kim, 2002; Natesh et al., 2003; Darewicz et al., 2014). However,amino acid sequence and composition of peptides in the hydrolysate couldplay a more vital role in controlling ACE inhibitory activity.

The second purification, lyophilized powder of the most active fractionB was dissolved in deionized water and was separated by using a SOURCE™15RPC ST 4.6/150 column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA) connectedto an Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system. The peptide elution wasperformed by a linear gradient of acetonitrile containing 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid (0-100%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. 0.5-mlfractions were collected and pooled as shown in FIG. 3 . The content ofα-amino groups (expressed as leucine equivalents) and ACE inhibitoryactivity of each pooled fraction were determined. The fraction B wasseparated based on the basis of hydrophobicity and collected into 6major fractions (B1-B6, FIG. 3 ). Based on reversed-phase chromatography(RPC), polar proteins/peptides were eluted first while non-polarproteins/peptides bind to the column. Elution of the bound hydrophobicproteins/peptides was accomplished by increasing the concentration oforganic solvent (Gaurav Pratap et al., 2016). Based on the RPC’sprinciple and specific inhibitory activity, fraction B6 with the highesthydrophobicity showed the most potent ACE inhibitory activity (See Table1). In order to obtain more purity of ACE inhibitory peptides, thefraction B6 was further purified on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 RapidResolution column.

TABLE 1 ACE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF THE COLLECTED FRACTIONS. FractionPeptide content^(∗) (µg leucine equivalents) ACE inhibition (%) Specificinhibitory activity (%/µg leucine eq.) B1 9.84 25.04 ± 0.62 2.55 ±0.06^(a) B2 8.92 54.50 ± 1.10 6.11 ± 0.12^(c) B3 8.59 47.21 ± 0.94 5.49± 0.11^(b) Fraction Peptide content^(∗) (µg leucine equivalents) ACEinhibition (%) Specific inhibitory activity (%/µg leucine eq.) B4 10.1786.07 ± 1.23 8.47 ± 0.12^(d) B5 5.57 70.34 ± 2.08 12.62 ± 0.37^(e) B61.25 66.27 ± 1.00 53.18 ± 0.80^(f) Note: Different letters in the samecolumn indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). (^(∗)) means peptidecontent in reaction of ACE inhibitory activity assay.

The third purification, the fraction B6 showing the highest ACEinhibitory activity (50 µl) was applied to a column (3.5 µm particlesize, 4.6 × 150 mm) connected to a HPLC system. The peptide elution wascarried out by a linear gradient of acetonitrile containing 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid (0-100%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. 0.5-mlfractions were collected and pooled as shown in FIG. 4 . The content ofα-amino groups (expressed as leucine equivalents) and ACE inhibitoryactivity of each pooled fraction were determined. The fraction B6 wasclearly separated into 3 fractions (Fraction B6-I, B6-II, and B6-III,FIG. 4 ). When considering at specific inhibitory activity of thepeptide fractions against ACE, the fraction B6-II showed the strongestinhibitory activity (see Table 2).

TABLE 2 ACE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF THE COLLECTED FRACTIONS. FractionPeptide content* (µg leucine equivalents) ACE inhibition (%) Specificinhibitory activity (%/µg leucine eq.) B6-I 0.35 3.54 ± 0.52 10.28 ±1.10^(a) B6-II 0.38 23.41 ± 0.62 62.42 ± 0.84^(c) B6-III 0.73 21.67 ±0.34 29.72 ± 0.24^(b) Note: Different letters in the same columnindicate significant differences (p < 0.05). (^(∗)) means peptidecontent in reaction of ACE inhibitory activity assay.

In order to obtain peptide sequences containing in the purified peptidefraction exhibiting an excellent ACE inhibitory activity, the purifiedpeptide fractions selected for peptide sequencing by using liquidchromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were the fraction B2and B4 from the 1^(st) purification due to their high ACE inhibitoryactivity and high peptide yield, and the fraction B6-II from the 2^(nd)purification due to the highest ACE inhibitory potency.

Example 3 Identification of Ace Inhibitory Peptides

Amino acid sequence of the purified peptide fractions from fraction B2,B4, and B6-II was identified by using liquid chromatography tandem massspectrometry. In order to verify ACE inhibitory activity of theidentified peptides and gain better understanding on thestructure-activity relationship, the peptides identified from LC-MS/MSwere chosen as shown in Table 3 and chemically synthesized using a solidphase peptide synthesis method. The purity of the synthesized peptideswas greater than 98% as determined via HPLC analysis. The molecular massof the synthesized peptides was confirmed by the manufacturer usingliquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. The ACE inhibitoryactivity of each synthesized peptide was determined. Amino acid sequenceof the synthesized peptides was subjected to in silico ACE inhibitoryactivity analysis using the BIOPEP database(http://www.uwm.edu.pl/biochemia/ index.php/en/biopep).

All synthetic peptides at the same peptide concentration of 1 mg/mlshowed ACE inhibitory activity (see Table 3). Different arrangements ofamino acid sequence in peptides resulted in different ACE inhibitorypotency. These peptides were found to be small peptides with differentmolecular weights in the range of 600-1000 Da and contained 5-10 aminoacids within a peptide fragment.

Previous studies have reported that most ACE inhibitory peptides aresmall peptides of 2-12 residues and molecular weight less than 3000 Da,which may fit in the ACE active site more easily and thus assertinhibitory activity (Sun et al., 2019). Although di- or tripeptides withhigh potent ACE inhibitory activity have been widely reported, longerpeptides were also found to possess the strong ACE inhibitory activity.For instance, FFGRCVSP (SEQ ID NO: 9) from ovalbumin, FKGRYYP (SEQ IDNO: 10) from chicken muscle, NGTWFEPP (SEQ ID NO: 11) from Humanmyofibrillar protein, and LKPNM (SEQ ID NO: 12) from dried bonito musclewere discovered (Fujita et al., 2000; Fujita and Yoshikawa, 1999;Ghassem et al., 2011).

Among the synthetic peptides described herein, the first 3 peptidesexhibiting the most potent ACE inhibitory activity were VIYSRINCR (SEQID NO: 5) with an IC₅₀ of 0.27 µg/ml (or 0.24 µM), followed by VSVVQYSR(SEQ ID NO: 4) with an IC₅₀ of 0.89 µg/ml (or 0.95 µM) and NLLPHR (SEQID NO: 3) with an IC₅₀ of 0.93 µg/ml (or 1.24 µM). It should be notedthat these 3 synthetic peptides performed stronger inhibition thanPeptACE^(®) (IC₅₀ = 144 ± 8 µg/ml, Liu et al., 2012) derived from bonitopeptides, a commercial dietary supplement for lowering blood pressure.

In order to evaluate bioavailability of ACE inhibitory peptides, these 3synthetic peptides were selected for further studies regarding in vitrogastrointestinal (GI) digestion. Moreover, amino acid sequences ofpeptides as shown in Table 3 were compared with the BIOPEP databasewhere potential ACE inhibitory peptides from various protein sourceshave been reported. Most of the peptides contained potential ACEinhibitory peptides within their sequences. Moreover, the peptidesidentified from this invention were found to be novel ACE inhibitorypeptides.

Although the structure-activity relationship of ACE inhibitory peptideshas not yet been fully established, some common structural features ofACE inhibitory peptides have been reported. The C-terminus of peptideshave been suggested to be a controlling factor of the ACE inhibitoryactivity via interactions with the S₁, S′₁, and S′₂ subsites at theactive site of ACE (Ondetti and Cushman, 1982), which typically containhydrophobic amino acid residues. In addition, the branched aliphaticamino acids at the N-terminal end have been reported to be mosteffective for increasing the peptide binding activity of ACE (Byun andKim, 2002). This study found that the peptides possessing Arg (R) at theC-terminal position might play an important role in ACE inhibitoryactivity which was in agreement with Wang et al. (2020). The positivelycharged amino acids (Lys and Arg) at the C-terminus has been implied toincrease the potency of ACE inhibitory peptides (Guang and Philips,2009; Toopcham et al., 2015). Additionally, the presence of hydrophobicamino acids with aromatic or branched chain, including Gly (G), Val (V),Trp (W), Leu (L), Phe (F), and Met (M) at the N-terminus, seemed topositively influence ACE inhibitory activity of these syntheticpeptides.

TABLE 3 ACE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF THE SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES. Amino acidsequence ACE inhibition (%) ACE inhibitory sequence reported in theliterature^(∗) GPLYHS (SEQ ID NO: 13) 85.81 ± 1.49¹ LY, GPL, GP, PL, YHLIHAIL (SEQ ID NO: 14) 33.43 ± 2.02^(d) Al, IL SFLMRK (SEQ ID NO: 15)77.73 ± 1.15^(j) SF VIYSRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 5) 97.02 ± 0.46^(n) IY, VIYVLMSQVFKQT (SEQ ID NO: 16) 55.15 ± 1.89^(g) VF, VFK WTIHTP (SEQ ID NO:17) 68.03 ± 1.13^(h) TP LPPGKIV (SEQ ID NO: 18) 71.72 ± 0.12^(i) LPP,GK, PG, PP IFERL (SEQ ID NO: 19) 45.34 ± 3.61^(f) RL, IF FDQFLPIH (SEQID NO: 20) 88.39 ± 1.30^(l) NGPSGQTG (SEQ ID NO: 21) 25.91 ± 2.41^(c)GP, GQ, SG, TG, NG LLDHRANL (SEQ ID NO: 22) 29.21 ± 1.92^(c) RA APPHIF(SEQ ID NO: 23) 81.96 ± 2.17^(k) AP, PP, PH, IF HFAASGK (SEQ ID NO: 24)27.01 ± 1.44^(c) AA, GK, SG LEQVSAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 25) 1.90 ± 0.14^(a)AG, GT NLLPHR (SEQ ID NO: 3) 94.87 ± 0.97^(m) LLP, PH VQSVPAT (SEQ IDNO: 26) 36.93 ± 1.18^(e) VP VEWKERATE (SEQ ID NO: 27) 15.52 ± 1.60^(b)RA, VE, TE, EW, KE LLHAKPLN (SEQ ID NO: 28) 79.01 ± 2.02^(jk) PL, KP, LNVSVVQYSR (SEQ ID NO: 4) 94.15 ± 0.20^(m) - IKVGGERF (SEQ ID NO: 29)24.33 ± 3.38^(c) RF, VG, GE, GG KKLEKKTT (SEQ ID NO: 30) 21.53 ±0.66^(c) KL, EK, LEK GVPGIHGS (SEQ ID NO: 31) 70.58 ± 2.16^(i) VP, GI,GS, GV, HG, PG QGPPGNPG (SEQ ID NO: 32) 2.91 ± 1.91^(a) GP, QG, PG, GPP,PP, QGP MTGLPGPTGP (SEQ ID NO: 33) 49.05 ± 1.77^(f) GLP, LPG, GP, GL,TG, PG, PT, TGP Note: Synthetic peptides were tested ACE inhibitoryactivity at the same concentration of 1 mg/ml.

(-) = not reported. (^(∗)) = reported in BIOPEP database.

Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (p< 0.05).

Example 4 In Vitro Gastrointestinal (gi) Digestion of the Potent AceInhibitory Peptides

It is necessary for ACE inhibitory peptides to retain its activity in GItract so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream, where the peptideinhibitors can show their hypotensive effect. In vitro gastrointestinaldigestion provides an easy process to imitate antihypertensive activityof peptides under oral administration. The 3 synthetic peptidesexhibiting the strongest ACE inhibition, namely NLLPHR (NR6, SEQ ID NO:3), VSVVQYSR (VR8, SEQ ID NO: 4), and VIYSRINCR (VR9, SEQ ID NO: 5),were selected for evaluating the stability of ACE inhibitory peptidestowards GI enzymes (pepsin and pancreatin). In vitro GI digestion wassimulated according to the method of Zhu et al. (2008) with somemodifications. One milligram of each sample was dissolved in 0.5 ml of0.1 M KCl-HCl, and the pH was adjusted to 2.0 with 6 M HCl. Pepsin (1%enzyme/substrate, w/w) was added, and the mixture was incubated in ashaking water bath at 37° C. for 1 h, and the pH was then adjusted to pH7.5. Subsequently, pancreatin (2% enzyme/substrate, w/w) was added, andthe mixture was further incubated in a shaking water bath at 37° C. for2 h. The enzyme reaction was terminated by heating at 95° C. for 10 min.The digests were cooled down to room temperature, adjusted volume to thesame level and centrifuged at 8000×g for 20 min. ACE inhibitory activityand α-amino groups content of the peptides before and after in vitro GIdigestion were measured. After simulated GI digestion, α-amino groupcontent of all synthetic peptides was increased due to the release ofsmall peptides by the action of pepsin and pancreatin enzymes (FIG. 5 ).Besides, longer peptides could be easily digested by the GI enzymes as ahigher α-amino group content was shown (FIG. 5 ). ACE inhibitoryactivity of the peptides NR6, VR8, and VR9 after GI digestion weredecreased approximately 30%, 19%, and 14%, respectively (FIG. 6 ).Although these 3 peptides could be digested by GI enzymes and theirinhibitory activity were decreased but their high ACE inhibitory potencystill remained.

Example 5 In Silico Gastrointestinal (gi) Digestion of the PotentSynthesized Peptides

In order to predict the released amino acid sequence of peptidefragments after GI digestion, in silico GI digestion of the peptidesNLLPHR (NR6, SEQ ID NO: 3), VSVVQYSR (VR8, SEQ ID NO: 4), and VIYSRINCR(VR9, SEQ ID NO: 5) was carried out by using a free web application,namely FeptideDB, which is a web application to assist in bioactivepeptide discovery of compounds derived from foods. This web-basedinformation center allows user to select suitable enzyme as in silicoenzyme digestions (Panyayai et al., 2019). In the present example, theselected GI enzymes used for cleaving the peptide sequences in silicowere pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Based on the cleavage sites ofthe GI enzymes, the possible hydrolysis products obtaining fromdegradation of the peptides NR6, VR8, and VR9 were shown in Table 4. Thepredicted amino acid sequences were also searched against the bioactivepeptide databases regarding ACE inhibitory peptide. Only the peptide VIYhas been reported to be an ACE inhibitor. In order to verify theinhibitory activity of the predicted peptides, all predicted peptidesreleasing from VR9 were selected for determination of ACE inhibitoryactivity. The results in Table 5 showed that not only the peptide VIYbut also other in silico digested peptides exerted ACE inhibitoryactivity. The peptides VIYSR (SEQ ID NO: 6), INCR (SEQ ID NO: 7), andSRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 8) remarkably exhibited stronger the inhibitorypotency than the peptide VIY. This result suggested that the presencesof hydrophobic amino acid at the N-terminus and Arg (R) at theC-terminus might enhance the inhibitory potency of the peptides.

TABLE 4 IN SILICO GASTROINTESTINAL DIGESTION OF THE PEPTIDES NLLPHR(NR6, SEQ ID NO: 3), VSVVQYSR (VR8, SEQ ID NO: 4), AND VIYSRINCR (VR9,SEQ ID NO: 5) PREDICTED BY PEPTIDEDB. Parent amino acid sequencePredicted amino acid sequence NLLPHR (SEQ ID NO: 3) NLL, PHR VSVVQYSR(SEQ ID NO: 4) VSVVQV (SEQ ID NO: 34), SR VIYSRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 5)VIY^(∗), VIYSR (SEQ ID NO: 6), INCR (SEQ ID NO: 7), SRINCR (SEQ ID NO:8) Note: (^(∗)) = ACE inhibitory peptide reported in the database.

TABLE 5 ACE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF THE SYNTHESIZED PEPTIDES IN WHICHAMINO ACID SEQUENCES OBTAINED FROM IN SILICO GASTROINTESTINAL DIGESTIONOF THE PEPTIDE VIYSRINCR (VR9,SEQ ID NO: 5). Amino acid sequence ACEinhibitory activity (%) At 1 mg/ml At 1 µg/ml VIY 18.51 ± 1.12^(a) NDVIYSR (SEQ ID NO: 6) 97.83 ± 0.79^(b) 12.05 ± 2.14^(a) INCR (SEQ ID NO:7) 100.79 ± 0.71^(c) 29.10 ± 1.06^(c) SRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 8) 98.85 ±0.97^(b) 27.50 ± 0.19^(b) Note: ND = not detected.

Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (p< 0.05).

Determination of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) InhibitoryActivity

ACE inhibitory activity assay was carried out according to the methodsof Cushman and Cheung (1971) and Wu et al. (2002) with somemodifications. A reaction mixture containing 50 µl of hydrolysate orpeptides, 150 µl of 8.3 mM Hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine (HHL), and 50µl of ACE (25 mU/ml) was incubated at 37° C. for 1 h. Subsequently, 250µl of 1 M HCl was added to terminate the reaction. The released hippuricacid (HA) was extracted by adding 2.5 ml ethyl acetate, and the mixturewas mixed with a vortex for 1 min and left at room temperature for 1 h.Then, 2 ml of the upper layer was transferred into beaker and dried at80° C. to remove ethyl acetate. Finally, 1 ml of deionized water wasadded to dissolve the HA. Absorbance was measured at 228 nm. Thepercentage of ACE inhibition was calculated as follows:

$\text{ACE inhibition}(\%) = \frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {\text{A} - \text{B}} \right) - \left( {\text{C} - \text{D}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left( {\text{A} - \text{B}} \right)} \times 100;$

where A is the absorbance at 228 nm of a reaction containing ACE withouthydrolysate; B is the absorbance at 228 nm of a reaction containing ACEpreviously inactivated by adding HCl in the absence of hydrolysate; C isthe absorbance at 228 nm of a reaction in the presence of ACE andhydrolysate; and D is the absorbance at 228 nm of a reaction containingACE previously inactivated by adding HCl in the presence of hydrolysate.The IC₅₀ was defined as the concentration of inhibitor required toinhibit 50% of the ACE activity. Specific inhibitory activity wascalculated as ACE inhibition (%) divided by total peptide content (mg).

Determination of Α-Amino Groups Content

Content of α-amino groups was performed according to Adler-Nissen(1979). Purified peptide fraction (50 µl) was mixed with 0.2125 Mphosphate buffer pH 8.2 (0.5 ml) and 0.05% TNBS reagent (0.5 ml). Thereaction mixture was incubated at 50° C. for 1 h in a water bath.Subsequently, 0.1 M HCl (1 ml) was added to stop the reaction. Themixture was left at room temperature for 30 min before an absorbance at420 nm was monitored. Leucine was used as a standard. The content ofα-amino groups was expressed as leucine equivalents.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet areincorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of theembodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of thevarious patents, applications and publications to provide yet furtherembodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

1-31. (canceled)
 32. A method of producing a peptide isolate, comprisingthe steps of: mixing fish meat with water to produce an aqueous mixture;adjusting the pH of the aqueous mixture to a basic pH; hydrolyzing thefish meat by adding an alkaline protease to the aqueous mixture andincubating the aqueous mixture under conditions sufficient to produce ahydrolysate, wherein the peptide isolate comprises at least one peptideconsisting of the amino acid sequence selected from: VIYSR (SEQ ID NO:6), INCR (SEQ ID NO: 7), and SRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 8).
 33. The method ofclaim 32, wherein the aqueous mixture comprises a ratio of meat to waterof about 1:2 to about 1:3.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein theaqueous mixture comprises a protein concentration in a range of about 5%(w/v) to about 15% (w/v) (g protein/ml water).
 35. The method of claim32, wherein the basic pH is in the range of above 7 to about
 11. 36. Themethod of claim 32, wherein the alkaline protease comprises a serineprotease.
 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the conditions sufficientto produce a hydrolysate comprise incubating for a time period in arange of about 2 hours to about 5 hours.
 38. The method of claim 32,wherein the conditions sufficient to produce a hydrolysate compriseincubating at a temperature in the range of about 40° C. to about 70° C.39. The method of claim 32, wherein the method further includes a stepof removing cellular debris from the hydrolysate following thehydrolyzing step.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the removingcellular debris comprises centrifuging and filtering the hydrolysate toobtain a supernatant.
 41. The method of claim 32, wherein thehydrolyzing step further includes terminating a hydrolysis reaction byheating the hydrolysate to a temperature in a range of about 80° C. toabout 100° C. following the incubating the aqueous mixture underconditions sufficient to produce the hydrolysate.
 42. The method ofclaim 41, wherein the terminating the hydrolysis reaction includesincubating the hydrolysate at the temperature in the range of about 80°C. to about 100° C. for a time period in a range of about 10 minutes toabout 20 minutes.
 43. The method of claim 32, wherein the method furthercomprises a step of subjecting the hydrolysate to chromatography, andcollecting one or more chromatography fractions including the peptideconsisting of the amino acid sequence selected from: VIYSR (SEQ ID NO:6), INCR (SEQ ID NO: 7), and SRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 8).
 44. The method ofclaim 32, wherein the fish meat comprises raw fish dark meat, groundfish meat, tuna meat, skipjack tuna meat, or any combination thereof.45. A method of treating hypertension in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering to the subject a peptide, wherein the peptideconsists of the amino acid sequence selected from: VIYSR (SEQ ID NO: 6),INCR (SEQ ID NO: 7), and SRINCR (SEQ ID NO: 8).
 46. A peptide isolateproduced by a method of claim
 32. 47. A dietary supplement or functionalfood comprising the peptide isolate of claim 46 and at least oneadditional ingredient.
 48. A pharmaceutical product comprising thepeptide isolate of claim 46 and at least one excipient.